TOEFL EXERCISES 2

Choose the INCORRECT answer, then give the CORRECTION and EXPLANATION !

1. Zoos in New Orleans, San Diego, Detroit, and the Bronx have become biological

A

parks where animals roams free and people watch from across a moat.

B C D

Answer: C. roams free
       It should be “roam free”
Reason: because the subject is ‘animals’ in plural

2. George has not completed the assignment yet, and Maria hasn’t neither

   A B     C D

Answer: D. hasn’t neither
it should be “has neither”
Reason: because neither means ‘not either’

3. Hanny enjoyed to be able to meet several Congress members during her vacation.
   

      A B       C           D

Answer: A. to be
it should be “being”
Reason: Because enjoyed is one of the verbs which is followed by a gerund

4. No one would have attended the lecture if you told the truth about 
   

      A B C

the guest speaker.

D

Answer: B. told
It should be “had told”
Reason: This is a past unreal condition. Would have attended. . . had told.

5. Marie has registered for both the afternoon anthropology class as well as
   

     A       B

the evening sociology lecture.

C D

Answer: B. as well as
It should be “and”
Reason: because Both…… and

6. Compact discs are affected neither by scratching and by dust.
   

   A     B    C  D

   Answer: D. and

It should be “nor”
Reason: because neither….. nor……

7. Plastics used to make textiles can be drawn into fine threads, then woven or knit

A         B         C         D

into fabrics.

Answer: D. knit
It should be “knitted”
Reason: because it uses pas participle

8. Henry David Thoreau stressed the importance in individuality and of living 
   

    A B

in harmony with nature.

  C D

Answer: A. the importance in
It should be “the importance of”
Reason: because “of” is usually followed by noun.

9. The coach was depending for his team to win the game so that they would have a 
   

   A B   C

chance to play in the Super Bowl.

         D

Answer: A. depending for
it should be “depending on”
Reason: because depending followed by on

10. According to Freud, mental life is characterized by internal conflicts who are largely

 A B             C    D

unconscious.

Answer: C. who
it should be “which”
Reason: because the subject is mental life so it is not who but which or that

TOEFL EXERCISES 1

1.    Dinosaurs are classified as reptiles, although some appear to have been warms-bloode

        A                                     B                               C                                         D

Answer : B. as reptiles
It should be ‘as reptile’
Reason : because the word ‘dinosaurs’ already explained it so many.

2.    Every fuel has their own particular temperature at which it begins to burn.

            A                       B                                 C         D

Answer : A. has their
It should be ‘has its’
Reason : the word ‘their’ is plural noun. But the sentence must be used singular noun.

3.     The hormone insulin controls by the amount of sugar in the blood which 

                              A                         B                     C

provides energy for the body.

             D

Answer : A. controls by
It should be ‘is controlled’
Reason : the word ‘control’ must be used verb 2.

4.    Pelican Island in Florida and Oregon Islands in Oregon are wildlife refugees.

            A                 B                         C                                             D

Answer : C. Oregon Islands
It should be ‘Oregon Island’
Reason : the word ‘island’ not use ‘s’, because the word no explained how much.

5.    When the island of Surtsey was eighteen months old a first leafy green plant appeared

     A                B                                                  C                D

Answer : C. a first
It should be ‘the first’
Reason : because before the word ‘a’ not use to be.

6.    Octopuses have not only large brains and also a well developed nervous system

          A                                                            B         C           D

Answer : B. and
It should be ‘but’

Reason : because in parallelism word ‘not only’ should also follow ‘but also’

7.    Symptoms of mild vitamin C deficiency may be weakness, irritability, losing weight,

                                                                        A              B                  C

and apathy.

            D

Answer : C. losing weight
It should be ‘weight loss’

Reason : other words like weekness, irritability, and apathy are noun and “losing weight” is a verb not noun.

8.    Around 1750, electricity experiments became populartity as entertainment at the court

                  A               B                                 C                    D

of the French King Louis XV.

Answer : C. popularity
It should be ‘popular’

Reason : “Became” are often followed by adjectives. The adjective describes the subject of the sentence and not the verb which is why an adverb is not possible.

9.    In 1780, Italian scientist Luigi Galvani mistaken concluded that frogs’ legs contain

                  A                                   B                                                      C

electricity.

       D

Answer : B. mistaken
It should be ‘was mistaken’

Reason : because in this sentence there’s no verb and this sentence is past, so using verb ‘was’ 

10.  Electricity produced by nature is called static electricity because it exerts a forceful

                              A                      B                                                        C

When it is stationary

                        D

Answer : C. forceful
It should be ‘force’

Reason : “a” is indefinite article and follows by noun. Forceful is not noun but adj.

TENTANG KOMUNIKASI BISNIS

Pengertian Komunikasi Bisnis Menurut Para Ahli

Djoko Purwanto
Menurut Djoko Purwanto, Komunikasi Bisnis adalah komunikasi yang digunakan didalam dunia bisnis yang termasuk berbagai macam bentuk komunikasi, baik itu verbal maupun non-verbal guna capai suatu target tertentu.

William Albig
Menurut William Albig, Komunikasi Bisnis adalah pertukaran informasi, gagasan, pendapat, intruksi yang punya target tertentu yang dihidangkan secara personal maupun impersional melalui lambang atau sinyal.

William C.Himstreet dan Wyne Murlin Baty

Menurut William C.Himstreet dan Wyne Murlin Baty, Proses pertukaran Info antar individu melalui proses yang umum baik itu bersama dengan simbol, sinyal atau prilaku dan tindakan.

Cutris
Menurut Cutris, Komunikasi Bisnis adalah komunikasi yang terdapat didalam organisasi bisnis didalam pertunjukan untuk memecahkan masalah dan membawa dampak keputusan.

Katz
Menurut Katz, Komunikasi Bisnis adalah adanya pertukaran ide, pesan, dan konsep yang tentang bersama dengan pencapaian serangkaian target komersil.

Philip Kolter
Menurut Philip Kolter, Komunikasi Bisnis adalah suatu kesibukan manusia yang ditujukan untuk memuaskan keperluan dan permohonan melalui peroses pertukaran.

Persing
Menurut Persing, Komunikasi Bisnis adalah proses penyampaian makna melalui lambang yang meliputi total unsur yang terkait bersama dengan proses penyampaian dan penerimaan pesan, baik didalam bentuk tulisan, lisan, atau non-verbal yang dikerjakan di didalam suati organisasi untuk membayar orang guna produksi jasa dan barang bersama dengan target supaya beroleh keuntungan.

Rosenbalt
Menurut Rosenbalt, Komunikasi Bisnis adalah suatu tindakan pertukaran informasi, ide/opini, intruksi dsb, yang dikemukakan baik secara personal maupun non-personal melalui lambang dan sinyal guna capai target perusahaan.

Hunghess dan Kapoor
Menurut Hunghess dan Kapoor, Komunikasi Bisnis adalah suatu kesibukan atau bisnis individu yang terorganisir untuk menghasilkan, menjual barang dan jasa bersama dengan target untuk mendapat keuntungan dan sadar keperluan masyarakat.

Tujuan Komunikasi Bisnis

Menurut James J. Floyd , Jerry L. Winsor dan B Curtis, target komunikasi bisnis yaitu:

a. Menyelesaikan Masalah dan Membuat Keputusan
Ini sangat pas dikarenakan jadi tinggi seseorang didalam suatu bisnis maka orang tersebut bakal terkait terhadap keahlian orang lain didalam membawa dampak ketentuan dan memecahkan masalah untuk capai keberhasilan.

b. Mengevaluasi Perilaku
Penilaian atau evaluasi perlu dikerjakan anggota organisasi untuk sadar dan mengoreksi hal apa saja yang bakal dan udah dikerjakan terhadap prestasi mereka. Penilain ini memerlukan kepekaan dan keahlian komunikasi.

Sedangkan menurut Soeganda Priyatna, target komunikasi bisnis yakni untuk pemenuhan barang yang diperlukan masyarakat. Tujuan kesibukan bisnis yakni untuk beroleh laba. Penetapan target bisni tiap-tiap organisasi tentang bersama dengan proses nilai penduduk tempat organisasi atau lembaga bisnis tersebut beroperasi.

Fungsi Komunikasi Bisnis

Adapun fungsi komunikasi bisnis yaitu:

a. Memberi Informasi
Informasi sangat diperlukan pimpinan dan anggota organisasi guna merampungkan tiap-tiap tugas mereka. Informasi tersebut termasuk digunakan sebagai upaya organisasi untuk capai tujuan.

b. Pengendalian (Regulatory)
Komunikasi bisnis berguna sebagai pengatur dan pengendali organisasi. Komunikasi bisnis tersebut bisa berbentuk prosedur, perintah ketetapan dan laporan.

c. Memberi Persuasif
Dengan komunikasi, maka bakal lebih ringan untuk mengajak, mengikuti atau menggerakkan ide/gagasan atau tugas. Persuasi yang diberikan terhadap pihak lain supaya apa yang disampaikan bisa dimengerti bersama dengan baik. Hal ini kerap dikerjakan terlebih kala terkait bersama dengan penegasan konfirmasi pesanan pelanggan.

d. Integratif
Integratif berguna menjadikan organisasi atau perusahaan beroperasi secara utuh dan terpadu, termasuk didalamnya fungsi koordinasi dan penjadwalan aktivitas, penetapan saluran Info dan otoritas, dan juga menarik dan melatih para karyawan.

Unsur Komunikasi Bisnis

Dalam suatu komunikasi bisnis terdapat 6 unsur utama, diantaranya seperti:

• Memiliki tujuan, bermakna komunikasi bisnis perlu punya target yang udah ditetapkan pada mulanya seiring bersama dengan target organisasi.
• Pertukaran, didalam hal ini melibatkan paling tidak 2 (dua) orang atau lebih yakni komunikator dan komunikan.
• Gagasan, opini, informasi, instruksi merupakan isikan dari pesan yang bentuknya begitu banyak ragam terkait tujuan, kondisi dan kondisinya.
• Menggunakan saluran personal atau impersonal yang kemungkinan berbentuk tatap muka, memakai tempat tertentu atau melalui tempat yang menjangkau jutaan orang secara bersamaan.
• Menggunakan lambang atau sinyal yang merupakan alat atau metode yang bisa dimengerti atau dimengerti oleh penerima untuk mengemukakan pesan.
• Pencapaian target organisasi, tidak benar satu karakteristik yang membedakan organisasi atau lembaga formal dari Info adalah adanya target yang udah ditetapkan pada mulanya oleh manajemen.

Bentuk Komunikasi Bisnis

Menurut Djoko Purwanto, bentuk atau pola komunikasi apat dikelompokkan menjadi saluran komunikasi formal (formal communications channel) dan saluran komunikasi nonformal (informal communications channel).

a. Saluran Komunikasi Formal
Dalam susunan organisasi garis, fungsional atau matriks, ini tentang bersama dengan proses penyampaian Info dari manajer ke bawahan atau sebaliknya, pola transformasi informasinya bisa berbentuk dari atas ke bawah atau bawah keatas (top down atau downward communications), komunikasi dari bawah ke atas (bottom-up atau upward communications), komunikasi horizontal (horizontal communicatons), dan komunikasi diagonal (diagonal communications).

b. Saluran Komunikasi Informal
Orang yang berada didalam suatu jaringan komunikasi informal tidak melihat jenjang hirarki, pangkat atau kedudukan, komunikasi ini bisa dikerjakan secara luas. Walaupun percakapan didalam komunikasi ini cuma berbentuk umum. Contohnya seperti mengobrol humor bersama dengan anak-anak, teman, keluarga atau termasuk mengupas berkenaan kondisi kerja terhadap organisasinya.



Source: https://www.sekolahpendidikan.com/2017/12/definisi-pengertian-komunikasi-bisnis.html#

5 Steps To Handle Conflict

Hopefully, your employees can resolve their own conflicts. But sometimes, you might need to step in to help. When a conflict erupts between your employees, use the following five steps to walk them through the situation.

1. Welcome Conflict

Conflict at work can be a good thing. It can show you where issues lie within your business. And, it can help your employees grow and improve as a team. Don’t shy away from conflict. Tackle it as soon as possible before it escalates. Avoiding conflict can be a bad thing. Tension might increase and the conflict can become worse.

When you discover a conflict between employees, encourage them to work it out. Offer yourself as a mediator. Or, simply be in the room with the employees to defuse tension if needed.

2. Open Communication

The only way to resolve conflict is to communicate. Encourage your feuding employees to set up a time to meet, whether alone or with your supervision. There should be ample time to talk without distractions.

Make sure each person has the opportunity to say what they want. They shouldn’t be interrupted by you or the other employee involved. Also, one employee should not control the conversation. Both should be offered an equal amount of time to talk.

An employee shouldn’t attack or blame the other during this time. If needed, set some ground rules. For example, you might ask the employees to focus on the problem at hand, not personal characteristics.

You can also help direct what the employees say to create a more productive conversation. For instance, you might ask the employees to phrase their statements as, “When you did … I felt …” You might also prompt your employees to give specific examples so everyone better understands the situation.

3. Listen Actively

Having the employees meet to talk is only beneficial if everyone involved actively listens. Everyone should give their full attention to the person who is talking. You and the other employees involved should not be checking emails, playing on phones, or doodling on paper.

As mentioned in step two, don’t interrupt the person who is talking. Let them finish saying everything they want to say.

Listening should be all about understanding the other person’s perspective. Ask follow up questions to help clarify what an employee is saying. You can also ask them to repeat or reword what they said.

You can rephrase and repeat what an employee said to make sure you understand them. For example, you might say something like, “You feel … because of … Is that correct?” This gives the employee an opportunity to clarify anything.

4. Build Agreement

The discussion will primarily be about the disagreement, but that shouldn’t be the only thing you talk about. The employees should also search for points of agreement. The agreements generate positivity, which might help dissolve the conflict. Agreement can give the employees common ground to build their relationship on.

If the employees can’t find commonalities, you might need to help them. Look for common things the employees said, even if they are small. Show the employees that they do have things in common to pull them together.

5. Give guidance

When you help employees work through a conflict, it’s important not to take sides. You are simply there to help the employees work through their problem.

Guide the conversation and keep it focused. Give your employees advice on what they should do next. You might give them action items and further things to discuss.

You might also use what you learn to make changes in your business procedures to prevent future conflicts.

How to Summarizing and Looking Ahead in Business Meeting

A meeting is a gathering of two or more people that has been convened,for the purpose of achieving a common goal through verbal interaction, such as sharing information or reaching agreement. Meetings may occur face-to-face or virtually, as mediated by communications technology, such as a telephone conference call,a skyped conference call or a videoconference.
Good meetings require good leaders and good participants. A good leader understands the purpose of a meeting, makes sure that all participants understand this purpose, helps keep the discussion on track, works with participants to carry out the business of the meeting in the time allotted, and tries to ensure that everyone is involved appropriately in discussions. These responsibilities often require a leader to distribute an agenda and other written materials prior to a meeting.
Good participants come to a meeting prepared for the business at hand—with reports ready, concerns over key issues thought out, and questions about key issues organized. They also bring to the table their best listening skills and group manners. These participants, for example, take turns talking, stay on the point of discussion, and help to move decisions forward.A meeting is to create a mechanism for decision making. One of the most important decision making meetings in business is strategic planning. The organization is developing their goals and direction. Other types of decision making meeting are pitch meetings, where individuals or organizations are pitching their ideas and project meetings, where groups are tasked with accomplishing a goal or task.
In a business meeting, at the end of the meeting we have to make a conclusion from the whole of the topics discussed, the aim is to recall the points raised previously discussed. There are several points that should be noted in presenting its conclusions in a meeting, such as:
1.Good language
2.Polite
3. communicative 
With 3 points above, it is expected the meeting to impress and give satisfaction to the clients. With such a client will not hesitate to cooperate in any other business.


source: http://normanhardjoprawiro.blogspot.com/2017/04/how-to-summarizing-and-looking-ahead-in.html

Opening Negotiations Effectively

Tips for opening negotitions effectively

Having planned the negotiation and set the scene for a successful outcome, there’s little point in spoiling your success with a weak opening. The start of a negotiation is one of the most important phases of the whole process, as this allows you to gain, maintain and increase your control over what happens during the bargaining phase. 

Here are some tried and tested tips for starting the negotiations strongly and with confidence:

• Stay calm and look calm – take your time, if necessary
• Make frequent eye contact
• Keep control of your own features, smile when you can and when appropriate
• Have your opening statements prepared but seemingly spontaneous in their delivery
• Ensure your opening statements sound reasonable
• Don’t fall into the trap of reacting to diversionary, emotional, aggressive or dismissive initial behaviours from the other party
• Ask yourself “What motivates someone to act like this if their position is strong”. Remember diversions indicate sign of weakness in the other parties case
• State everything positively and show you appreciate the importance of the issue to the other person
• Spend most of your initial communication asking open-ended questions
• Try to respond to questions and statements with questions that test importance and priority – “How important is that to you?”
• Show understanding about their point of view
• Listen aggressively to what the other party says – be especially vigilant for ‘umbrella’ words and phrases*
• Seek agreement on a positive conclusion early
• Get your demands on the table first – let the bargaining start from your opening position
• Don’t start with offering anything until you have something to bargain with
• Don’t just react to something the other party has said – explain why it is a problem for you to comply

source: https://www.totalsuccess.co.uk/opening-negotiations-effectively/